What electrical condition does the sodium-potassium pump create inside the cell?

The sodium-potassium pump plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. This pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, typically moving three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions it brings in.

This activity results in a higher concentration of sodium outside the cell and a higher concentration of potassium inside the cell, which creates a situation where there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane. As a result, the inside of the cell becomes more negatively charged relative to the outside. This condition is termed electrical disequilibrium, as the distribution of ions is not equal, leading to potential differences that are essential for various cellular functions, including the generation of action potentials in neurons and muscle cells.

This concept is fundamental in physiology because it underlies how electrical signals are generated and transmitted in excitable tissues. Thus, the sodium-potassium pump establishes and maintains the electrical disequilibrium critical for normal cell function.